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74
Total Cases
56
PFEOs Issued
£14,982
Compensation
FTS/HPC/PF/24/1078
19 Dec 2025
PFEO Unknown

The homeowner complained about the property factor's poor communication, failure to follow agreed procedures, and errors in invoicing. The tribunal found the factor had breached its duties and the Code of Conduct, issuing a Property Factor Enforcement Order.

"The Respondent has unreasonably delayed in attempting to resolve the concerns raised by the Applicant."
FTS/HPC/LM/24/3764
21 Oct 2025
PFEO Failure to Comply

The homeowner complained about the property factor's communication regarding insurance changes. The tribunal found the factor failed to notify homeowners of a substantial change to their insurance cover in a timely manner, but decided not to issue a Property Factor Enforcement Order.

"The tribunal found the factor failed to communicate the change in insurance cover timeously to homeowners."
FTS/HPC/PF/24/1936
10 Jun 2025
PFEO Failure to Comply

The homeowner complained about the property factor's handling of finances. The tribunal found the factor had failed in their duties and ordered them to credit the homeowner's account.

FTS/HPC/LM/24/1367
13 Mar 2025
PFEO Failure to Comply

The homeowner complained about the property factor's customer relations. The tribunal found the factor needed to improve training for their customer relations managers and proposed a Property Factor Enforcement Order.

"The Respondent is to submit to the Tribunal satisfactory documentation confirming a regular and appropriate training schedule for their customer relations managers."
FTS/HPC/PF/23/2570
05 Dec 2024
PFEO PFEO Issued - Non-Compliant

The homeowner complained that the property factor was not providing a non-resident warden service as required by the deed of conditions. The tribunal found that the factor was acting on the instructions of the residents, who had voted against the warden, and dismissed the complaint.

"The Respondent is not itself bound by the deed of conditions which forms part of the title conditions of the development. It is the proprietors of the burdened properties themselves who ought to act in keeping with the deed of conditions."
FTS/HPC/PF/24/1410
03 Dec 2024
Decision Issued

The homeowner complained about the property factor's handling of tree maintenance and debt recovery. The tribunal found the factor had followed procedures and did not breach their duties or the code of conduct.

"The Tribunal had no evidence that the Property Factor exercised this authority in a perverse or unreasonable way."
FTS/HPC/PF/23/4521
12 Nov 2024
PFEO Complied

The homeowners complained about the property factor's failure to comply with the Property Factor Code of Conduct. The tribunal found the factor had initially failed but later complied with the Property Factor Enforcement Order, resulting in the factor paying £250 in compensation.

"The property factors failed to comply with OSP2, OSP6 and Section 2.7 of the Property Factor Code of Conduct and their failure to comply with the property factor’s duties."
FTS/HPC/PF/23/2339
15 Aug 2024
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the property factor's failures to comply with their duties. The tribunal found in favor of the homeowner and issued a Property Factor Enforcement Order, including compensation and required changes to the factor's procedures.

"The Property Factor had failed to comply with the Section 14 duty in terms of the Act."
FTS/HPC/PF/23/2331
15 Aug 2024
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the property factor's failure to comply with their duties. The tribunal found in favor of the homeowner and ordered the factor to refund repair costs, pay compensation, and correct their written statement and procedures.

"The Property Factor must refund to the Homeowner her share of the cost of the repair and pay compensation for the inconvenience caused."
FTS/HPC/PF/23/1789
15 Aug 2024
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the property factor's failure to comply with their duties. The tribunal found the factor in breach and ordered them to refund repair costs, correct their written statement, review repair procedures, and pay compensation.

"The Property Factor must refund or write off the Homeowner’s share of the cost of the repair and pay compensation for the inconvenience caused."
FTS/HPC/PF/23/1724
15 Aug 2024
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the property factor's handling of an AGM and errors in the Written Statement of Services. The tribunal found in favor of the homeowner and ordered the factor to refund costs, pay compensation, and correct their documentation and procedures.

"The Property Factor must refund to the Homeowner her share of the cost of the AGM held on 16 June 2022 and to pay to her the sum of £150.00 in compensation for the inconvenience which the Property Factor has caused her in regard to this aspect of her complaint."
FTS/HPC/PF/23/2342
15 Aug 2024
Dismissed

The homeowner complained that the property factor breached the 2021 Code of Conduct. The tribunal found the application did not comply with the Property Factors (Scotland) Act 2011 and dismissed the application.

FTS/HPC/PF/23/2830
22 May 2024
PFEO Failure to Comply

The homeowner complained about the property factor providing incorrect information about voting arrangements. The tribunal found the factor was in error and ordered them to apologize, correct the information for all homeowners, and pay the homeowner £500.

"The Tribunal order the Property Factor to provide a written apology to the homeowner for providing erroneous information in connection with the voting arrangements set out in the title deeds."
FTS/HPC/PF/23/0621
16 May 2024
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about late payment charges. The tribunal found the property factor had failed to comply with the Code of Conduct and ordered the removal of charges and compensation.

"The Property Factor was required to remove all late payment charges from the Homeowner’s account."
FTS/HPC/PF/23/2439
12 Feb 2024
Decision Issued

The homeowner complained about various issues including sewage, mailboxes, and the front door entry system. The tribunal found the property factor had not breached the code of conduct and dismissed the application, praising the factor's responsiveness.

"The Respondent in fact offered the Applicant a commendable service. Their rapid reaction to the sewage issue was impressive."
FTS/HPC/PF/23/1545
15 Dec 2023
Decision Issued

The homeowner complained that the property factor exceeded their authority when instructing lift repairs. The tribunal found the factor did not follow the correct procedures outlined in the deed and failed to comply with their duties, but declined to issue a Property Factor Enforcement Order.

"The Tribunal found that the Property Factor did not have authority to instruct the repair in terms of Clause 5.2.8 (v) (e)."
FTS/HPC/PF/23/0063
31 Oct 2023
PFEO PFEO Proposed

The homeowner complained about the property factor's failures in communication, maintenance, and financial transparency. The tribunal found the factor had breached several standards of practice and failed to carry out their duties to a reasonable standard, particularly regarding storm drain maintenance and account queries.

"The Property Factor’s statement that the storm drain work was complete was based on information given to them by TG industrial."
FTS/HPC/LM/23/0252
14 Jun 2023
PFEO Unknown

The homeowner complained, and the tribunal previously issued a Property Factor Enforcement Order (PFEO). The factor complied with the order, paying the homeowner £75 and confirming this to the tribunal.

FTS/HPC/PF/21/2238
17 Mar 2023
PFEO PFEO Issued

The homeowner reported a leak in February 2021, but the factor initially dismissed it as a private issue, failing to investigate for over a month. The tribunal found the factor in breach of the Code of Conduct and proposed a Property Factor Enforcement Order (PFEO) with compensation.

"The factor’s initial response that it was an individual repair was incorrect."
FTS/HPC/LM/22/3463 + 3860
06 Feb 2023
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the property factor's poor communication, failure to follow agreed procedures, and errors in invoicing. The tribunal found the factor had breached its duties and the code of conduct, issuing a Property Factor Enforcement Order.

"The Respondent has unreasonably delayed in attempting to resolve the concerns raised by the Applicant."
FTS/HPC/LM/22/3463
06 Feb 2023
PFEO PFEO Proposed

The homeowner complained about misleading information in the factor's written statement and newsletters regarding discounts and prize draws for signing up to the client portal, and also about the factor's PMAS membership claim. The tribunal found the factor in breach of the code of conduct and issued a Property Factor Enforcement Order.

"The Tribunal was satisfied from the written representations and documents together with the oral submissions that the Factor, by referring in its WSS and Newsletters to the discount available to owners for signing up to the Client Portal, was providing information that was both false and misleading."
FTS/HPC/PF/22/0281
30 Aug 2022
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the property factor's failure to comply with their duties. The tribunal found the factor had complied with a previous order and the homeowner received the £500 compensation.

FTS/HPC/PF/22/0306
30 Aug 2022
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the property factor's failure to comply with their duties. The tribunal found the factor had failed and ordered £500 compensation, which was subsequently paid.

FTS/HPC/PF/22/1140
11 Aug 2022
PFEO PFEO Proposed

The homeowner complained about the property factor's actions. The tribunal found the factor had failed to comply with their duties, but after the factor apologized and paid compensation, a formal order was deemed unnecessary.

FTS/HPC/LM/22/0360
27 May 2022
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the lack of response to an enquiry about an invoice. The tribunal found the property factor had initially failed to respond, issuing a PFEO, but later complied by providing the requested information.

"The Tribunal determined that a PFEO “must” be issued."
FTS/HPC/PF/21/2198
01 Apr 2022
PFEO PFEO Proposed

The homeowner complained about the property factor's slow response to their inquiries. The tribunal found the factor in breach of the Code of Conduct and ordered them to pay £300 in compensation.

"The Property Factor accepted that it had been in breach of section 2.5 of the Code prior to her own involvement, for which it offered its sincere apologies."
FTS/HPC/PF/20/2395
24 Jan 2022
PFEO PFEO Proposed

The homeowner requested an extension to the deadline for reviewing the tribunal's decision. The tribunal refused the extension because it lacked the power to grant it and the homeowner provided no compelling reason.

FTS/HPC/PF/21/2376
17 Nov 2021
Rejected

The homeowner's application was rejected because they failed to provide necessary information and documentation, as requested by the tribunal. The tribunal found the homeowner did not comply with the rules.

FTS/HPC/PF/21/1543
18 Oct 2021
Decision Issued

The homeowner complained about the property factor's debt recovery process, including late payment charges and the use of Sheriff Officers. The tribunal found the factor followed procedures correctly and did not breach the code of conduct, dismissing the complaint.

"The applicant’s position is that the debt recovery procedure leading to the grant of decree against him is shrouded in mystery."
FTS/HPC/LM/21/0844
09 Aug 2021
Decision Issued

The homeowner claimed the property factor had a conflict of interest by acting as a proxy at a meeting and not following the complaints procedure. The tribunal found the factor acted correctly and followed procedure.

FTS/HPC/LM/20/1662
11 Jun 2021
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the property factor's failure to properly discharge duties, specifically regarding fee changes. The tribunal found the factor had not followed proper procedures and ordered compensation and a written apology.

"The Property Factor failed to properly discharge duties, namely, to discuss with any owner’s association proposed changes to the fee with the association, for approval prior to letters being issued to owners."
FTS/HPC/PF/20/1855
01 Feb 2021
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the factor's failure to comply with the Code of Conduct and carry out their duties. The tribunal found the factor in breach and ordered them to remove a charge and pay compensation.

"The Factor had failed to comply with the Code of Conduct for Property Factors and the failure to carry out its property factor duties."
FTS/HPC/PF/20/1389
04 Dec 2020
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the factor's failure to comply with the Code of Conduct and property factor duties. The tribunal found the factor in breach and ordered them to provide insurance documentation and pay compensation.

"The Factor had failed to comply with the Code of Conduct for Property Factors and the failure to carry out its property factor duties."
FTS/HPC/LM/18/2778
02 Dec 2020
Dismissed

The homeowner complained that the property factor was not properly appointed. The tribunal agreed the factor lacked proper appointment but found the homeowner provided no evidence of loss and dismissed the application.

"“the Property Factor is prepared to accept that they were not validly appointed as the Property Factor for the Development at the meeting of 14 December 2016. There is accordingly, no identifiable basis for the Property Factor having been appointed under and in terms of the Deed of Conditions relating to the development.”"
FTS/HPC/PF/20/1607
26 Nov 2020
PFEO Failure to Comply

The homeowner complained and the tribunal found the factor should pay compensation. The tribunal ordered the factor to pay £200.00.

FTS/HPC/LM/20/1387
02 Nov 2020
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about drainage issues and lack of information. The tribunal found the factor had failed in their duties and ordered them to pay compensation and provide documentation.

"The Respondent must provide copies of invoices, survey reports, and correspondence related to the drainage works."
FTS/HPC/LM/19/3395
13 Jan 2020
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the property factor's failure to comply with a previous order regarding ground maintenance. The tribunal found that the factor had eventually complied, albeit late, and issued a certificate of compliance.

"The Property Factor’s compliance with the order is extremely late, particularly in relation to the garden maintenance documentation."
FTS/HPC/PF/19/0834
10 Dec 2019
PFEO Failure to Comply

The homeowner complained about the factor's failures in carrying out their duties, including breaches of the Code. The tribunal found in favor of the homeowner and ordered the factor to provide a written apology, amend the landscape maintenance specification, provide a copy of the gardening specification, and pay compensation.

"The Factor's failures of its property factors duties and breaches of the Code and in respect of costs incurred by the Homeowner."
FTS/HPC/PF/19/1277
27 Nov 2019
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the property factor's failure to comply with the Property Factor Code of Conduct. The tribunal found the factor in breach and ordered them to pay £1500 compensation and undertake staff training. The factor complied with the order.

"The Property Factor was required to pay the Homeowner £1500 from their own funds to compensate for distress and inconvenience."
FTS/HPC/PF/19/1400
04 Oct 2019
Decision Issued

The homeowner claimed the property factor failed to meet its obligations. The tribunal determined the factor was not actually the property factor, so the complaint was dismissed.

"The tribunal determined that the Respondent is not the property factor of the Property, as defined in Section 2 of the 2011 Act."
FTS/HPC/PF/19/1621
16 Aug 2019
Decision Issued

The homeowner complained the factor failed to maintain the drainage system, inspect it at handover, and pursue the developer for costs. The tribunal found the factor had not failed in its duties because the homeowner didn't prove the factor was responsible before 2016, and the factor wasn't instructed to take action against the developer.

"The Tribunal is therefore not satisfied that the Property Factor was responsible for the maintenance and repair of the drainage system prior to 2016."
FTS/HPC/LM/19/1620
12 Aug 2019
PFEO Failure to Comply

The homeowner complained about the property factor's failure to comply with the Code of Conduct, specifically regarding communication and providing information about applying to the Tribunal. The tribunal found the factor had failed to comply with sections 2.5 and 7.2 of the Code of Conduct, but did not issue any orders.

"The Tribunal decided that the delay until 2 May 2019 in responding to an e-mail from the homeowner of 9 April 2019 was a failure to comply with Section 2.5 of the Code of Conduct."
FTS/HPC/LM/19/1376
12 Jul 2019
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the factor's failure to progress drainage works and provide information. The tribunal found the factor had failed to comply with the code and its duties, causing distress, and ordered compensation.

"The Tribunal was not impressed at the excuses given on behalf of the Factor that various people had left the employment of the Factor, thus leading to delays."
FTS/HPC/LM/18/3392
28 Mar 2019
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the factor's failure to comply with their duties. The tribunal found the factor in breach and ordered them to pay compensation.

FTS/HPC/PF/18/3190
18 Feb 2019
PFEO PFEO Proposed

The homeowner was previously awarded compensation and the factor was ordered to pay it. The tribunal found the factor had complied with the order and issued a certificate of compliance.

FTS/HPC/LM/18/3261
14 Feb 2019
Decision Issued

The homeowner's complaint was dismissed because the tribunal found it was premature. The property factor had not been given sufficient time to respond to the complaint. The tribunal noted the factor's failure to acknowledge the initial complaint.

"The tribunal also indicates strongly to the Property Factor that their failure to acknowledge Mr Millen's initial complaint on 26 October and thereafter on 5 November fell short of their own complaints policy and the provisions in their written statement of service."
FTS/HPC/PF/18/3060
24 Jan 2019
PFEO PFEO Proposed

The homeowner had previously won a Property Factor Enforcement Order (PFEO) against the factor. The tribunal reviewed the case and found that the factor had complied with the order by paying the required amount.

FTS/HPC/PF/18/0043
26 Apr 2018
PFEO Failure to Comply

The homeowner complained about the factor's failure to provide tender documentation and the basis of their management fee. The tribunal found that the Property Factor Enforcement Order had been complied with, including the payment of £300.

"The Tribunal issued a Property Factor Enforcement Order ("PFEO") on 27 June 2018."
FTS/HPC/PF/17/0336
12 Jan 2018
PFEO PFEO Issued - Non-Compliant

The homeowner complained about the factor's failures to maintain fire safety equipment, respond to communications, and ensure window cleaning. The tribunal found the factor in breach of its duties and issued a Property Factor Enforcement Order.

""This [an inaccurate letter being sent out in breach a previous undertaking] gave rise to some serious concern for the Tribunal. Not only was inaccurate information provided by the Factor to the previous hearing, the undertakings given there were not honoured.""
HOHP/LM/16/0146
25 Aug 2017
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the factor's conduct. The tribunal found the factor failed to fully comply with the Code of Conduct and ordered the factor to pay the homeowner £200. The tribunal also issued a Property Factor Enforcement Order.

"The factor's e-mail to employees was inadequate to demonstrate that all intended recipients had received it."
FTS/HPC/LM/17/0086
11 May 2017
PFEO PFEO Issued

The homeowner complained about breaches of the Code of Conduct. The tribunal found the factor had breached their duties and ordered compensation.

FTS/HPC/LM/17/0037
25 Apr 2017
PFEO Failure to Comply

The homeowner's property factor was previously issued a Property Factor Enforcement Order (PFEO). The tribunal reviewed the factor's actions and determined they had complied with the order, issuing a Certificate of Compliance.

HOHP/PF/16/0100
02 Feb 2017
PFEO PFEO Proposed

The homeowner complained about the property factor's failure to comply with the Property Factors Code of Conduct. The tribunal found the factor in breach and ordered them to pay £100 in compensation, which they subsequently did.

HOHP/PF/16/0119
16 Jan 2017
PFEO PFEO Proposed

The homeowner complained about the property factor's failures in several areas, including communication, insurance, and maintenance. The tribunal found the factor had failed to meet its obligations and ordered the factor to pay £300 in compensation.

"The Respondent has failed to identify the failure of the contractor to complete these substantial works or to pursue the contractor for its failures until the matter was brought to its attention by owners well after the work had been approved for payment by the Respondent."
HOHP/PF/16/0131
16 Dec 2016
PFEO PFEO Issued

The homeowner complained about the factor's failure to comply with the Code of Conduct. The tribunal found the factor had initially breached its duties, but subsequently complied with the proposed Property Factor Enforcement Order, leading to no further action.

"The Factor failed to adhere to the terms of section 2.1 of the Code of Conduct."
HOHP/PF/16/0098
15 Sep 2016
Decision Issued

The homeowner complained about the property factor's handling of a lift breakdown and delayed repairs. The tribunal found the factor had complied with the Code of Conduct, though there was a delay in lift repairs due to missing keys. No enforcement order was issued.

"The keys to the lift room were missing for a period of at least between January 2016 and May 2016 and accordingly access to the lift room throughout that period of time would not have been possible."
HOHP/LM/16/0031
06 Sep 2016
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained that the property factor had not complied with a previous Property Factor Enforcement Order (PFEO). The tribunal found that the factor had complied with the PFEO and the case was closed.

"The Respondent specifically advises in its correspondence of 25 November 2016 that the relevant documentation has been sent to all proprietors."
HOHP/PF/16/0033
10 Aug 2016
PFEO Decision Issued

The homeowner complained about the factor's actions, leading to a Property Factor Enforcement Order. The tribunal found the factor caused frustration and stress, ordering them to pay £100 compensation.

HOHP/PF/15/0113
15 Dec 2015
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the factor's breaches of the Code of Conduct. The tribunal found the factor had breached its duties and issued a Property Factor Enforcement Order, which the factor later complied with, including paying £150 compensation.

"The Committee determined that the Factors had breached its duties in terms of s 17(1)(b) of the 2011 Act in that it had failed to comply with sections 2.1, 2.5, 5.4 and 6.1 of the Code of Conduct."
HOHP/PF/15/0122
15 Dec 2015
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the factor's breaches of the Code of Conduct and factor duties. The tribunal found the factor had failed to comply with its duties and issued a Property Factor Enforcement Order, which the factor subsequently complied with.

"The Factors had breached its duties in terms of s 17(1)(b) of the 2011 Act in that it had failed to comply with sections 2.5 and 7.2 of the Code of Conduct for Property Factors."
HOHP/PF/15/0022
31 Jul 2015
PFEO PFEO Proposed

The homeowner complained about the factor's failure to comply with its duties. The tribunal found the factor had breached its duties and issued a Property Factor Enforcement Order (PFEO), which the factor later complied with.

"The Committee determined that the Factors had breached its duties in terms of s 17(1)(b) of the 2011 Act in that it had failed to comply with sections 2.5 and 6.1of the Code of Conduct for Property Factors."
HOHP/PF/15/0011
30 Jun 2015
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the property factor's poor communication, failure to maintain the property, and failure to follow their own complaints procedure. The tribunal found the factor had breached multiple sections of the Code of Conduct and will issue a Property Factor Enforcement Notice.

"Perhaps the most egregious of the long standing problems which the Factors failed to address was the access being taken by neighbouring shop proprietors onto the Development to allow entry to their goods entrance, even to the extent of cutting a two doorway sized holes in the common fence."
HOHP/PF/15/0003
30 Apr 2015
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained that the factor failed to comply with the code of conduct and their duties. The tribunal found the factor had failed to meet their obligations and issued a Property Factor Enforcement Order, which the factor later complied with.

"The committee found that the property factors had failed to comply with the Property Factors code of conduct and had failed to meet the property factors' duties as required by the Act."
HOHP/PF/14/0081
15 Dec 2014
Decision Issued

The homeowner complained about the factor's failure to carry out duties and breaches of the code of conduct. The tribunal found the factor had not breached the code or failed in their duties and dismissed the application.

"The respondent has not breached Section 2:2.2 of the code of conduct."
HOHP/PF/14/0055
28 Oct 2014
PFEO PFEO Proposed

The homeowner complained about the factor's complaints procedure. The tribunal found the factor had not followed the correct procedure and issued a Property Factor Enforcement Order (PFEO). The factor then complied with the order.

"The PFEO required the factor to amend its written complaints resolution procedure."
HOHP/PF/14/0039
11 Aug 2014
Decision Issued

The homeowner complained about the property factor's communication and insurance information. The tribunal found the factor had not breached the Code of Conduct and dismissed the application.

HOHP/PF/14/0018
17 Jul 2014
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the factor's failure to provide clear information and a cleaning schedule. The tribunal found the factor had eventually complied with the Property Factor Enforcement Order and issued a certificate of compliance.

"The Committee determined that the property factors had breached their duties."
HOHP/PF/13/0301
13 May 2014
Decision Issued

The homeowner complained about the property factor's handling of accounts and insurance. The tribunal found the factor had not breached the code of conduct, as the issues were outside their period of responsibility, and dismissed the complaint.

"The respondent was not the property factor after 30 September 2012 and could not have a continuing failure to act after that date."
HOHP/PF/13/0254
26 Mar 2014
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the lack of a clear written statement regarding landscaping arrangements. The tribunal found the factor had to provide a written statement, and after review, the factor complied with the order.

"The Factor is required to provide a clear and unambiguous written statement of the terms of the ongoing arrangements."
HOHP/PF/13/0321
11 Mar 2014
PFEO Complied

The homeowner had a Property Factor Enforcement Order issued against the factor. The tribunal found the factor had complied with the order, and issued a Certificate of Compliance.

HOHP/PF/13/0058
08 Jul 2013
PFEO Complied

The homeowner complained about the factor's failure to comply with the Property Factors Act. The tribunal found the factor had failed to carry out their duties and issued a Property Factor Enforcement Order.

"The Respondent had failed to ensure compliance with the Property Factors (Scotland) Act 2011 Code of Conduct for Property Factors and had failed to carry out the property factor's duties."
FTS/HPC/PF/18/3168
Unknown
Rejected

The homeowner filed a complaint, but failed to provide requested information. The tribunal dismissed the application because the homeowner did not respond to requests for further information.

FTS/HPC/PF/20/1735
Unknown
Rejected

The homeowner's application was rejected because they failed to provide requested information to the tribunal, despite multiple requests and ample opportunity.

FTS/HPC/PF/20/2105
Unknown
Rejected

The homeowner's application was rejected because they failed to provide requested information. The tribunal dismissed the case.